ABSTRACT
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, large-scale events were initially suspended categorically without consideration of ventilation technology. In this study, CO2 concentrations were measured during three trade fairs in the fall of 2021 at Messe Frankfurt with the aim of assessing air mixing and dilution of loads emitted through human respiration. 24 sensors were installed on columns near aisles, in peripheral areas and exhaust/ambient air ducts. At three positions, in addition to a height of 2 m, measurements were taken at 3.2 m height to reveal potential stratification effects. Finally, attendances were estimated based on exhaust/ambient air CO2 levels and ambient air volume flows. Results show that the maximum CO2 concentration during visiting hours never exceeded 835 ppm. Indoor air quality thus qualified as hygienically insignificant at all times. Furthermore, no stratification was detected, indicating that air was mixed well without apparent local accumulations of CO2 and thus potentially infectious aerosols within the breathing zone. Estimated mean attendance corresponds to information provided by Messe Frankfurt. Finally, results indicate that the exhaust CO2 concentration represents a good indicator to assess air quality within the occupied zone in large-scale halls, making elaborate measurements within the occupied zone obsolete. Further evaluation is needed to support this. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ABSTRACT
As a disease, COVID-19 has shaken the world in 2020/21. Countermeasures have been taken by governments to protect against infection, which have also affected the water and energy consumption of buildings. In particular, buildings managed by public authorities (e.g. kindergartens, schools and administrative offices) have been closed and reopened with different concepts. In this paper, the impact of countermeasures on the electrical and thermal energy and water consumption of municipal buildings is investigated using monitoring data of 100 buildings from 2018 to 2021 of a city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) in Germany. Where available, data of CO2 sensors from building automation systems are included in the evaluation. The CO2 concentration is in a range of concern (1500-2000 ppm) for 2 % of presence periods. A value in the unacceptable range (>2000 ppm) is not found in the CO2 data. Since only ventilation-conditioned spaces are equipped with CO2 sensors, no conclusions can be drawn about non-ventilated buildings. We investigate to which extent the measures taken have changed the energy and water consumption. On total average, the heat demand increased lightly by 5 % and water and electricity demand decreased by 15 % and 12 % respectively. © Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Licence.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the evolution of governance frameworks in emerging destinations. The literature signals a continuum along which the frameworks move from state-led, formal governance to public-private-partnerships, where more flexible, market-driven systems are in play. In this study, an emerging tourism country, Azerbaijan, is analyzed in terms of its tourism development and institutionalization process. For this purpose, policy documents and six expert interviews were analyzed, followed by a validation process. The results revealed that the country is on the verge of rapid transitions regarding destination governance. Tourism has been prioritized on the political agenda for the past decade, and in the period from the declaration of 2011 as "Year of Tourism" to the COVID-19 pandemic, growth was registered in both supply and demand. Concordantly, institutional transformation has been initiated by launching the national Destination Management Organization (DMO) and three other regional DMOs, with new DMOs underway.
ABSTRACT
Second-home tourism is a prominent feature of Nordic tourism. This article reviews Nordic research on second-home tourism since 2000 and relates it to international trends within this field. Furthermore, it provides a short outline of future research needs and opportunities. The review indicates that Nordic second-home tourism research has been highly productive and influential. After being dominated by national overviews, research has more recently addressed issues such as environmental impacts, community tensions and displacement, internationalization, and planning. Indeed, with this, Nordic researchers have gained core positions in the international ecosystem of second-home research, and particularly Umea University has developed into the epicenter of second-home research. Although the situation for Nordic second-home research has been strong, generational shifts imply a risk of discontinuation. However, a more nuanced view on the second-home phenomenon detects the varieties of second-home tourism and the multiple interconnections to other fields of research. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, second-home research can become a forerunner in understanding households' new spatial-temporal arrangements, combining various homes and places.
ABSTRACT
The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses an unprecedented stress on healthcare systems internationally. These Health system-wide demands call for efficient utilisation of resources at this time in a fair, consistent, ethical and efficient manner would improve our ability to treat patients. Excellent co-operation between hospital units (especially intensive care unit [ICU], emergency department [ED] and cardiology) is critical in ensuring optimal patient outcomes. The purpose of this document is to provide practical guidelines for the effective use of interventional cardiology services in Australia and New Zealand. The document will be updated regularly as new evidence and knowledge is gained with time. Goals Considerations.